Applying New Public Health approaches locally - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Applying New Public Health approaches locally. Answer: Introduction Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander people are first Australian making them the oldest culture in human history. Government in Australia is striving to establish rights for maintaining languages and cultures(Cranney, 1995). They have deep cultural association of these people with the water and land hence it becomes primary responsibility of the government to provide rights and privileges to the people. Health service staff is informed regarding availability of government funding in every area for implementation of a New Public Health initiative. This initiative will be focused on improvisation of health status of local Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people or local ethnic minority group. The target population will be examined for their primary health issues and their physical activity rates, cigarettes and alcohol death and abuse cases and asthma among children, among all other prevailing challenges(Priest, 2011). These challenges have compounded and creating immense impact on the locality. There are immense evidence that can prove that national targets or regional targets set are not met due to poorly existing health standards. Joint programs with the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) needs to be developed. ATSIC is a formal body of the government that is actively conducting programs and related developments identifying any gaps that exists in health services of Aboriginals and Islander Strait people. ATSIC employs mostly people from the community such that scopes and gaps can be identified and minimum barriers faced in program implementation. As ATSIC has access to first hand data for the Indigenous people, they will be better able to cater to all needs and demands of the Islander Strait people(Bauman, 2007). This program will identify all relevant opportunity to work towards specific policy, planning and program delivery in connection to Indigenous people. Indigenous people in the area has been suffering from over a period of two years due to lack of health facilities and other opportunities in health care. Further gaps prevail in such service delivery as most people catering to the service are non-Indigenous. Mostly challenges to cater to services occurs in most rural and suburb areas of the country where there is present a large number of Indigenous population. Not only health care but lack of education and expertise disable them to get appropriate services such that total health of the population can be enhanced in an overall scenario(Bull, 2010). The scope of this report identifies gaps prevailing in the region as compared to national or regional standards that are provided. Investment into infrastructure and necessary provisions for creating health related awareness can lead to effectiveness in health care, providing higher standards in the region. Epidemiology presented to justify an unmet local public health needed Aboriginal and Islander Torres Strait people had been lagging behind in health standards significantly. Especially in the Victoria province in Australia, Melbourne there is prevalence of tremendous amounts of discrepancies in health standards(Carville, 2007). Data has been collected in the region to determine leading cause of death, disease and injuries which reveals that it is lagging far behind other provinces. Unhealthy lifestyles has been attributed primary reason is leading diseases and death related causes in the region. Lifestyle followed by this segment of people exposes them to consumption of excess alcohol, smoking, lack of physical activity with no proper nutrition. The data has been collected through several surveys such that to determine its accuracy and reliability. Figure 1: Indigenous Population by State/Territory Australia Social determinants of these people had also been found to be worse as compared to non-Indigenous people especially when it comes to health(Durey, 2010). Health services are often not assessable or are user-friendly as more Indigenous people stay away from the reach of main cities and townships in remote locations where health services are not offered. There is also a gap in cultures when health services are evaluated. Indigenous people have specific healthcare needs as compared to other non-indigenous people also they are specific in nature. Some Indigenous people are unable to make use of such services due to their costs, therefore programs for betterment of health can go a long way providing basic facilities of health to them. Data as of 2016 reflects that one-third of Indigenous people resided in cities, whereas half lived in inner and outer regions. Most critical factor is that one in five Indigenous person lived in extremely remote area(Fredericks, 2013). Their increasing popul ation has also deterred lack of access to health facility. Identifying the age divide and proportion of people being Aboriginal and those being of Islander Strait can help determine specific health issues. Figure 2: Population of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous ATSIC has acknowledged existence of large amounts of health service related gaps between the Indigenous and non- Indigenous people. Apart from such variances, there was immense gaps prevailing amongst male and female death rates and health related indices as well. The program has been able to identify the leading causes of death and health disparities amongst Indigenous and non-Indigenous population, they need to regulate those factors apart from bringing parity in health services. Health related challenges and diseases amongst Indigenous borne were found to have a strong positive relation with those of adults and their parents(Katzenellenbogen, 2010). Hence, need for training and educating regarding health factors had to be identified as a major part of the program. Justification of Need Australian Aboriginal and Islander Strait peoples health is gradually improving but is not at par with non-Indigenous people. The gap prevailing in health standards and access to health is tremendous, but that is gradually diminishing. Government along with state level people are taking various steps to mitigate all possible barriers which can lead to better health of these people. But such endeavors needs to continue for overall health effectiveness and enhancement of backward people(Gibson, 2000). There still remains diversified factors as employment, income, education and socioeconomic status that are creating a divide to the access of health related facility to Indigenous people. There needs to health advancement programs, better identification of health related services which can be easily assessable to Indigenous people. Indigenous people lack monetary and economic benefits that will allow them to avail high levels in health care. They also lack education which might train them or help them develop skills such that they are able to recognize the various reasons for disparities in health. Program needs to be conducted such that a wholesome method can be developed and justified for long term sustainable effects on health care. Attending to initial levels of health care needs might resolve initial problems but will not have long-term impacts(Walker, 2009). Thus, specific program designed for generating awareness and to integrate testing procedure is required. A wholesome program covering various essential aspects of educating, training, skill development along with changing or impacting their lives on a permanent basis is essential. Rural and suburb areas in Victoria has various data pertaining to Indigenous population but specific issues can be diagnosed once work is started in the region for the purpose of attending to their needs. Along with training for raising health related awareness, there needs to be vaccination of children and adults which will incu r high levels of costs as the population has risen sharply. All previous programs had to either be terminated or was rendered ineffective due to lack of funds(Ziersch, 2011). In case of availability of funds, proper programs can be developed and implemented. A major justification for implementation of program in the area can be said by comparing its average score as that of against national standards. The area is lagging far behind as compared to national averages in death cases, infant mortality rates, disease rates and so on. There needs to be an appropriate program developed that can lead to betterment of the area such that it can lead as compared to national average scores. Victoria region in cases of health standards have been above average in all cases. There is prevalence of health care standards and norms, there are also programs implemented that can cater to individual segments of the vastly populated area. But in general ATSIC is a bit less effective in the region which has hampered it growth since a prolonged period. Further representation of population in the ATSIC is comparatively less, which has left the area to be ignored(Watson, 2007). But population though large in number is significantly less as compared to other parts of the country. In case a program is developed it can easily identify persons with needs and then develop programs to attend them. A specific program will allow overcoming of the issue as against existing targets of the area and keep up with national standards. As government is taking significant number of steps to meet and adhere to Indigenous people needs, a specific program drawn will help cater to the same. Provides local data to compare with or support published policy to establish need Data is crucial for analysis and understanding of several facts related to Indigenous people especially in regards to their health related parameters. Local data in relation health related factors in collected and analysed in the Victoria region(Hannaford, 2013). Published policy for establishing needs is analysed crucially. Data collected from nation based disease incidence and those in Victoria region reflects high levels of disparity due to poor percolation of health services. Though Victoria region has high levels of health services but Indigenous population does not have access to such health related facilities. Comparison data of Victoria region and those of Australia region reveals the gaps. Figure 3: Health Data of Victoria against Queensland Regions in Queensland or other areas have far better access for Indigenous population as they have higher representation in governmental bodies and agencies. Victoria region has higher rates of infectious diseases due to lack in medicinal spraying in the region for mosquitos. The region also has relatively less levels of water availability which provides relatively low access to safe drinking water in the region(Paradies, 2008). Lower number of schools or health service provider exclusively for Indigenous population has led to higher incidence of smoking and more number of children drop out from schools. Figure 4: Health Standards in Victoria Region Less number of school enrolments in the region is another primary cause for lack of awareness regarding health related parameters. This region having lower number of school enrolment rates as compared to other region with concentrated population of Indigenous people. As the region is vast in area, there needs to be more health service nodes and other service points set up that can cater to exclusively needs of the Indigenous population. Proposed recommendations for interventions Recommendations included for intervention are multifarious in nature. A program will be developed that caters to long term development of health care services in the region(Hart). Not only will there be steps to provide health related services but also educational programs enabling to raise awareness regarding causes of diseases such that incidence of such can be greatly be reduced. This program will be developed jointly along with ATSIC such that their views regarding relevant issues and challenges are incorporated. Then program will be implemented in a diversified manner taking into consideration one area at a time. In order that entire area can be covered, the whole program will be sub-divided into smaller parts such that the entire region can be gradually be covered. The region will be divided into blocks where programs will be conducted in gaps of a week or so with varied contents and materials to avoid repetitions. Various programs integrated with vaccination, testing and train ing procedure will be undertaken. ATSIC will be consulted and updated regularly for various programs undertaken such that they are aware regarding the proceeding and can suggest any type of recommendations which they might have. The local authorities will be also kept informed regarding the various proceeding of the programs such that they can provide their feedback or can participate in any of them. Major challenge of the program is to remove the cultural divide and to bring forward the Indigenous people to participate in the program. Various programs conducted till date has not been able to draw much of their attention as they were unaware regarding their facts and figures. These programs will have appropriately blended forms and structures well culturally suited to Indigenous people such that it is liked by them. Specially designed programs will help attract them and draw large crowds towards the program creating more effectiveness of such programs. Demonstrate Best Practice and Cost Effectiveness Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people health care needs has been ignored for a prolonged period. They since long have not had access to proper health care systems and facilities, most facilities that are provided come at expensive rates. They are not able to avail such services and such are not present in areas where they are present. Aboriginals being located at remote locations and being further pushed due to rapid industrialisation(Hemming, 2010). Australians allocate fairly large amount of budget towards healthcare facility for its population. Australia having multi-faceted health care system in public as well as in private system. The current program will be built in a cost effective manner such that it can have greater coverage area. It will include best practices, which are cost effective in nature, will be followed. At each and every step care will be taken to implement cost control and monitoring effectiveness of the current program such that cost overrun does not hap pen. Cost control method will enhance effectiveness and efficiency of current prevailing practices and will design new methods in case wherever there is cost over shooting. In every possible way, program coordinators will try and include cost measures for enhancing cost effectiveness. A budget set up will be strictly adhered to such that there is minimum amount of discrepancy. The budget forecast will be made available to all program facilitators and participants such that there are no challenges faced in cases of budget overrun. The program will take learnings from past experiences and include them such as to avoid any sort of discrepancy with present methods. There will also be specific key performance indicators (KPI) scores that will set parameter for each and every factor for determining effectiveness of standards performed. Draft budget A budget is prepared for the purpose of the program such that all key elements for the proposed program can be included. A budget is determined taking into consideration all specific elements of the projected program and to overcome any sort of challenges with respect to any prevailing issues. The budget will include step by step recommended procedure such that all integral elements of the budget are included. Heads Amount (AUD$) Health Assessment Campaign 10,000 Program Development 12,000 Program Implementation 9,000 Program Monitoring 10,000 Payment to Staffs 10,000 Setting Up Health Centers 25,000 Vaccination Costs 24,000 Total 1,00,000 Table 1: Budget Source : Author Individual stakeholders identified by position, relevance and contribution to the development In order that specific attributes are satisfied by position, relevance and contribution each and every individual stakeholder needs has to be identified. Individual stakeholder here comprises of Aboriginal and Islander Strait people, state administration, health service, government provider are certain integral internal stakeholders(Vos, 2009). Whereas external stakeholder comprises of credit rating agencies, external health care providers, private agencies, Federal Government and so on. Stakeholder analysis is typically significant and relevant to arrive at specific results. Stakeholder position for specific health related issues is analysed for arriving at particular data. Internal stakeholders which consists of staff and employees will help cater to programs specifics and attend to targeted procedures. It becomes integral that internal stakeholders are aware regarding program specific and are able to cater to requisite of the issues represented. They can contribute significantly t o the development and catering to the overall program specifics. They needs to be aware regarding the specifics of the program such that they can develop it in a better method, then make standards to comply and attain to them. Evaluation incorporates specific health outcome measurement Specific health outcome is measured and evaluated to arriving at specific outcome. In order to ensure that proposed Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health related outcomes are met monitoring along with evaluation standards needs to be appropriately met(Larson, 2007). For adequate monitoring and evaluating framework a Panel will be required with accurate data with capabilities to evaluate current prevailing situation as to what needs be changed in health care sector for Aboriginals. There is considerable amount of data that is present across departmental wide programs for health care sector for reporting to monitoring but necessary evidences was not available for achieving success of specific programs. In certain cases there did not exist any independent evaluation for specific programs for the Panel such that they can draw from them. Multiple Universities across Australia provide significant amounts of data to the Government and state authorities through student based or progra m related reporting standards. Multiple cases has been reported where there is duplicated efforts for certain program reporting by universities to the government. COAG-based reporting standards are developed across various places but limitedness of data availability regarding healthcare adherence of Aboriginal and Islander Strait people(Lawrence, 2007). Proper evaluation and monitoring of Aboriginal and Islander Strait people in healthcare sector can provide a coherent purpose led mechanism that can lead to success everywhere. Such monitoring framework could lead to closure of collaboration existing amongst governments and universities. Data with strategic focus needs to be collected from Universities with specific outcome related focus. In most cases data collected for Aboriginal and Islander people is a set of broader data collection framework, this might undermine the relevant and specific purpose for data collected. In various examples it often becomes difficult to distinguish d ata of Indigenous as compared to those of non-Indigenous people(Cunningham, 2005). University students collecting data often does not understand primary reason behind collection of such data, which also results in under-reporting. Evaluation of appropriate health related measures in Victoria region could be assessed by way of evaluating data analysed and then deriving the same. The target population for the segment has been analysed for specific health related causes to arrive at specific and certain data for analysis. Using statistical data technique data is analysed to understand relevance for each measure. 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